The Georgian Era Part IA Lesson by QueenBee2 Welcome to the Georgian Era ; It will cover King George I of England, King George II, Queen Caroline Matilda of Denmark, King George III, King George IV and William IV of England The Georgian era is a period in British history from 1714 to c. 1830–37, named after the Hanoverian Kings George I, George II, George III and George IV. The definition of the Georgian era is often extended to include the relatively short reign of William IV, which ended with his death in 1837. The sub-period that is the Regency era is defined by the regency of George IV as Prince of Wales during the illness of his father George III.[2] The transition to the Victorian era was characterized in religion, social values, and the arts by a shift in tone away from rationalism and toward romanticism and mysticism. The term Georgian is typically used in the contexts of social and political history and architecture. The term Augustan literature is often used for Augustan drama, Augustan poetry and Augustan prose in the period 1700–1740s. The term Augustan refers to the acknowledgement of the influence of Latin literature from the ancient Roman Republic. Georgian society and its preoccupations were well portrayed in the novels of writers such as Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Mary Shelley and Jane Austen, characterised by the architecture of Robert Adam, John Nash and James Wyatt and the emergence of the Gothic Revival style, which hearkened back to a supposed golden age of building design. The flowering of the arts was most vividly shown in the emergence of the Romantic poets, principally through Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Blake, John Keats, Lord Byron and Robert Burns. Their work ushered in a new era of poetry, characterised by vivid and colourful language, evocative of elevating ideas and themes.[5] The paintings of Thomas Gainsborough, Sir Joshua Reynolds and the young J. M. W. Turner and John Constable illustrated the changing world of the Georgian period – as did the work of designers like Capability Brown, the landscape designer. Fine examples of distinctive Georgian architecture are Edinburgh's New Town, Georgian Dublin, Grainger Town in Newcastle upon Tyne, the Georgian Quarter of Liverpool and much of Bristol and Bath. The music of John Field, Handel, Haydn, Clementi, Johann Christian Bach, William Boyce, Mozart, Beethoven and Mendelssohn was some of the most popular in England at that time. George I Princess Sophia Dorothea of Celle George II Queen Caroline of Ansbach Name Birth Death Notes Frederick, Prince of Wales 31 January 1707 31 March 1751 married 1736, Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha; had issue, including the future George III Name Birth Death Frederick, Prince of Wales 31 January 1707 31 March 1751 married 1736, Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha; had issue, including the future George III and Queen Caroline Matilda of Denmark Anne, Princess Royal 2 November 1709 12 January 1759 married 1734, William IV, Prince of Orange; had issue Princess Amelia 10 June 1711 31 October 1786 never married, no issue Princess Caroline 10 June 1713 28 December 1757 never married, no issue Stillborn son 20 November 1716 Prince George William 13 November 1717 17 February 1718 died in infancy Miscarriage 1718 Prince William, Duke of Cumberland 26 April 1721 31 October 1765 never married, no issue Princess Mary 5 March 1723 14 January 1772 married 1740, Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel; had issue Princess Louisa 18 December 1724 19 December 1751 married 1743, Frederick V, King of Denmark and Norway; had Anne, Princess Royal 2 November 1709 12 January 1759 married 1734, William IV, Prince of Orange; had issue Princess Amelia 10 June 1711 31 October 1786 never married, no issue Princess Caroline 10 June 1713 28 December 1757 never married, no issue Stillborn son 20 November 1716 Prince George William 13 November 1717 17 February 1718 died in infancy Miscarriage 1718 Prince William, Duke of Cumberland 26 April 1721 31 October 1765 never married, no issue Princess Mary 5 March 1723 14 January 1772 married 1740, Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel; had issue Princess Louisa 18 December 1724 19 December 1751 married 1743, Frederick V, King of Denmark and Norway; had King Christian VII of Denmark. William IV Leader(s) George, Prince of Wales Caroline, Queen Consort George, Prince Regent Caroline Matilda of Great Britain who married her first cousin, King Christian VII of Denmark who had King Frederick VI of Denmark and Princess Louisa Augusta. King George III married Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz and they had the following children: King George III with his consort Queen Charlotte and their six eldest children, by Johan Zoffany, 1770 Name Birth Death George IV 12 August 1762 26 June 1830 (1) married 1785 Mrs. Maria Fitzherbert, marriage legally invalid as George III had not consented to the match. (2) 1795, Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel; had issue, but no descendants today Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 16 August 1763 5 January 1827 married 1791, Princess Frederica of Prussia; no issue William IV 21 August 1765 20 June 1837 married 1818, Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen; no surviving legitimate issue, but has illegitimate descendants, including David Cameron, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Charlotte, Princess Royal 29 September 1766 6 October 1828 married 1797, King Frederick of Württemberg; no surviving issue Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 2 November 1767 23 January 1820 married 1818, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld; had issue, descendants include Queen Victoria, Elizabeth II, Felipe VI of Spain, Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden, Harald V of Norway and Margrethe II of Denmark. Princess Augusta Sophia 8 November 1768 22 September 1840 never married, no issue Princess Elizabeth 22 May 1770 10 January 1840 married 1818, Frederick, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg; no issue Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover 5 June 1771 18 November 1851 married 1815, Princess Friederike of Mecklenburg-Strelitz; had issue, descendants include Constantine II of Greece and Felipe VI of Spain. Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex 27 January 1773 21 April 1843 (1) married in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, The Lady Augusta Murray; had issue; marriage annulled 1794 (2) married 1831, The Lady Cecilia Buggin (later 1st Duchess of Inverness); no issue Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge 24 February 1774 8 July 1850 married 1818, Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel; had issue, descendants include Elizabeth II Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh 25 April 1776 30 April 1857 married 1816, Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh; no issue Princess Sophia 3 November 1777 27 May 1848 never married, no issue Prince Octavius 23 February 1779 3 May 1783 died in childhood Prince Alfred 22 September 1780 20 August 1782 died in childhood Princess Amelia 7 August 1783 2 November 1810 never married, no issue Two of King George III sons became Kings of England and they were King George IV and William IV of England, but they left no children.   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